list of contemporary organizations
Hierarchical structure. There's one manager, which is you, and one project team, which is everyone else. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 6. While product managers are in charge of deciding how to launch a product, regional managers are allowed to make modifications based on the region (Anand, N. and Daft, R. L., 2007). Human Relations or Neo-Classical Theory 3. IBM is a company that has no difficulty coming up with new ideas, as evidenced by the number of patents it holds. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Define learning organizations, and list the steps organizations can take to become learning organizations. From the employees perspective, there is potential for interpersonal conflict with team members as well as with leaders. Types of contemporary management Here are a few types of contemporary management: Contingency view The contingency view says that the most effective leadership style varies based on circumstances rather than designating one approach as the most effective. In a matrix structure, product managers have control and say over product-related matters, while department managers have authority over matters related to company policy. As a result, each person reports to a department manager as well as a project or product manager. If one team member needs help from another, it's a matter of walking a few feet and knocking on someone's door. Specifically, employees reporting to department managers are also pooled together to form project or product teams. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. For one, it improves communication among a companys stakeholders. In contrast, social movements are seen as more spontaneous and fluid. Solving these problems requires a great level of patience and proactivity on the part of the employee. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These organizations are changing communities through prevention, prenatal care, disease control, vaccinations, and mobile education and understanding of their health issues. The difference between traditional and contemporary organization is that contemporary structures reduce management layers and share information, personnel and skills across departments. Many different types of boundaryless organizations exist. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). However, a matrix assigns employees to temporary teams; teams in a project structure are permanent. 1 What is the meaning of contemporary organizations? Academy of Management Journal, 29, 536561. The necessity to work with a team consisting of employees with different functional backgrounds increases the potential for task conflict at work (Ford, R. C. and Randolph, W. A., 1992). The necessity to work with a team consisting of employees with different functional backgrounds increases the potential for task conflict at work. Behavioral Approaches to Leadership, 10.5 What Is the Role of the Context? The idea behind this organizational structure is to reduce bureaucracy and empower employees to make decisions, become creative problem solvers, and take responsibility for their actions. Keeping open channels of communication is crucial to the success of every organization. Want to create or adapt books like this? Telecommuting blurs organizational boundaries as well. What is the right organization design? 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Instead of delivering mail hundreds of miles by horse, messages could be transported more quickly by train and then later by plane. On the other hand, larger companies require more intense frameworks to ensure that operations run smoothly. Modern paganism, also known as "contemporary" or "neopagan", encompasses a wide range of religious groups and individuals.These may include old occult groups, those that follow a New Age approach, those that try to reconstruct old ethnic religions, and followers of the pagan religion or Wicca. However, it is crucial that a company chooses a type that suits its needs best. Specifically, employees reporting to department managers are also pooled together to form project or product teams. Because most organizations today have scarce resources, ambiguous goals, complex technologies, and sophisticated and unstable external environments, it seems reasonable to conclude that a large proportion of contemporary organizations are highly political in nature. Yet commercializing these ideas has been a problem in the past because of an emphasis on short-term results. What is contemporary Organisational design? They can also be fairly flat, which means that there are very few levels between employees and management. Structures such as self-managing teams create an environment where employees coordinate their efforts and change their own roles to suit the demands of the situation, as opposed to insisting that something is not my job.. If you recall, the six most common approaches to organizational design include simple, functional, divisional, matrix, team and network designs. There are 10 core competencies that fall into the categories of adaptive, creative and resilient, according to Forrester. The idea behind this format is to retain only the value-generating and strategic functions in-house, while the rest of the operations are outsourced to many suppliers. 1. From the employees perspective, there is potential for interpersonal conflict with team members as well as with leaders. He lives in Durham NC with his awesome wife and two wonderful dogs. A free, comprehensive best practices guide to advance your financial modeling skills, Get Certified for Commercial Banking (CBCA). HR Functions Human Resource Planning They facilitate information flow and reduce response time to customers but have challenges because each employee reports to multiple managers. In this lesson, you will learn to identify types of. Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. To learn from past mistakes, companies conduct a thorough analysis of them. The changing environment of organizations creates the need for newer forms of organizing. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? Let's look at each of these functions in detail. New product introduction is a task shared by regional managers and product managers. These allow customers to easily access your website or contact information with just one scan of their phone or tablet. In such a way, every employee knows what he or she needs to do. Matrix organizationshave a design that combines a traditional functional structure with a product structure. al., 1995; Rosenbloom, B., 2003). New product introduction is a task shared by regional managers and product managers. In learning organizations, experimenting, learning new things, and reflecting on new knowledge are the norms. Have you ever reported to more than one manager? Also referred to as a bureaucratic structure, a functional organization is one that divides a firms operations based on specialties. To change this situation, the company began experimenting with the idea of EBOs. At IBM, learning is encouraged by taking highly successful business managers and putting them in charge of emerging business opportunities (EBOs). Classical Organisation Theory 2. In learning organizations, experimentation and testing potentially better operational methods are encouraged. To learn from others, these companies vigorously study competitors, market leaders in different industries, clients, and customers. Define boundaryless organizations. 1. Organizational Behaviour (OB) is an interdisciplinary based social science which studies and applies knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations and how human behaviour affects, and is affected by dynamics in the organization [social system]. Reasons to implement change include: Adapting to market changes Digital transformation and technology upgrades The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In fact, this structure relies heavily on technology to achieve, and so sometimes it's called the T-form structure. It also helps managers set priorities right. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The idea behind this format is to retain only the value-generating and strategic functions in-house, while the rest of the operations are outsourced to many suppliers. One form is the modular organization, in which all nonessential functions are outsourced. Business has become global, moving into new economies and cultures. While individuals may hold an expertise, hierarchy and job titles are not stressed among general employees, senior managers, and executives. This leads to a hierarchy where each department has its manager, all of whom report to someone over them; if the company keeps growing, more branches and more layers of management result. (2003). Employees may be grouped by their role or function, geography or . (1993, July/August). Flat organizations are also described as self-managed. The new corporate architecture. By benchmarking against industry best practices, they constantly look for ways of improving their own operations. In the same way that no two people can ever be the same, no two companies are identical. Academy of Management Executive, 9(3), 718. Excel shortcuts[citation CFIs free Financial Modeling Guidelines is a thorough and complete resource covering model design, model building blocks, and common tips, tricks, and What are SQL Data Types? This is true not only in response to environmental threats but also as a way of identifying future opportunities. Building a better skunk works. Boundaryless organization is a term coined by Jack Welch during his tenure as CEO of GE; it refers to an organization that eliminates traditional barriers between departments as well as barriers between the organization and the external environment (Ashkenas, R., et, al., 1995). If a company isnt well organized, the employees wont know which tasks to perform or who to report to. The Boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. Learning organizations are also good at studying customer habits to generate ideas. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Sportswear manufacturer Nike is another company that uses the matrix organization successfully. Within maintaining an advantage, a manager must have specific competencies such as communication, teamwork, self-management, leadership, critical thinking, and professionalism. Neo-Classical Organisation Theory 3. Despite these potential benefits, matrix structures are not without costs. In 2017 the 'Me Too' hashtag went viral in connection to Harvey Weinstein. Like a small start-up, a flat organization has no layers of management. Over 100 years passed between the invention of the first reliable steam engine and the first practical internal combustion engine. Society This is the complete list of articles we have written about society. Matrix organization: A social experiment. This successful startup is regularly voted as one of the best places to work in New York City. Although each one operates as a separate entity that caters to different consumer segments, they are all under the company Gap Inc. brand. Nowadays they try to ignore that weakness and develop these organizational designs as Team structure, Matrix structure, Project structure, Boundaryless structure and Learning structure. These competencies allow managers to craft and create their management style to adjust in a modern workplace. Business owners who are trying to grow and expand their operations should choose a structure that allows for flexibility and smooth expansion. 6. 3M is one company that institutionalized experimenting with new ideas in the form of allowing each engineer to spend one day a week working on a personal project. Apart from increased productivity, firms with flat organizations have leaner budgets, since they dont involve any pricey middle-management salaries. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. By managing relationships with hundreds of suppliers, Toyota achieves efficiency and quality in its operations. Contemporary designs would include team structure, matrix structure, project structure, boundaryless organization, and the learning organization. In a tall hierarchical structure, the managers and executives determine the most crucial objectives that need to be met first. Define learning organizations, and list the steps organizations can take to become learning organizations. Despite these potential benefits, matrix structures are not without costs. The Structured Query Language (SQL) comprises several different data types that allow it to store different types of information What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? By using these techniques, learning organizations facilitate innovation and make it easier to achieve organizational change. Once that start-up grows beyond the initial team, it requires more structure. Over 100 years passed between the invention of the first reliable steam engine and the first practical internal combustion engine. For example, Xerox uses anthropologists to understand and gain insights to how customers are actually using their office products. Learning organizations are also good at learning from experiencetheir own or a competitors. IBM is a company that has no difficulty coming up with new ideas, as evidenced by the number of patents it holds. Matrix organizations have a design that combines a traditional functional structure with a product structure. By setting up a structure where failure is tolerated and risk taking is encouraged, the company took a big step toward becoming a learning organization (Deutschman, A., 2005). Instead of completely switching from a product-based structure, a company may use a matrix structure to balance the benefits of product-based and traditional functional structures. The difference between traditional and contemporary organization is that contemporary structures reduce management layers and share information, personnel and skills across departments. Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Excel Fundamentals - Formulas for Finance, Certified Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Commercial Real Estate Finance Specialization, Environmental, Social & Governance Specialization, Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM). For small start-ups, a traditional structure is often to have almost no structure. Previously nonexistent industries, such as those related to high technology, have demanded flexibility by organizations in ways never before seen. Business analysts, developers, and testers each report to a functional department manager and to a project manager simultaneously. However the main ideas of this Theory have . Trait Approaches to Leadership, 10.4 What Do Leaders Do? 3 What is meant by contemporary management? Define learning organizations, and list the steps organizations can take to become learning organizations. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Decision-Making Theory 4. Its like any typical business that consists of a sales department, human relations, and a marketing department. What is contemporary organizational theory? What do milkweed bugs eat besides milkweed? Different organizational structures adopted by companies. This is true not only in response to environmental threats but also as a way of identifying future opportunities. Population Ecology Theory Organizational designs fall into two categories, traditional and contemporary. Learning organizations institutionalize experimentation and benchmarking. Beginning in the 1900s, the tides of change began to rise much more quickly. For such companies, a matrix organization is the most suitable. Flat Organization A flat organization is exactly as its name suggests. A contemporary organizational structure tries to make companies lighter on their feet than the old-school hierarchy. These organizations changing the world through healthcare span from big cities to the most rural parts of the world to bring healthcare to children and adults. It simply means that the employees are accountable to more than one boss. The five contemporary organization theory models are population ecology, resource dependence, contingency, transaction cost and the institutional model. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". He's also run a couple of small businesses of his own. The diverse and complex nature of the current business environment has led to the emergence of several types of organizational structures. 51 7.4 Contemporary Forms of Organizational Structures Learning Objectives Explain what a matrix structure is and the challenges of working in a structure such as this. Yet commercializing these ideas has been a problem in the past because of an emphasis on short-term results. Covid-19 has energized giving to United Way Worldwide, but its impact on other big charities is still unclear. In a contemporary organizational structure, the rigid top-down model of the traditional structure is removed in favor of teams that work on projects together. They include a clear articulation of the companys mission and objectives, effective use of limited resources, and improved retention of professionals throughout the life of a company. This structure eliminates the vertical design of a traditional company and gives employees ownership of the work they perform. What is a contemporary organizational structure? Modern Organisation Theory. Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA), Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Capital Markets & Securities Analyst (CMSA), Certified Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management (FPWM). In learning organizations, experimentation and testing potentially better operational methods are encouraged. How much control and authority do you want to have? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thexis, 3, 2326. In a purely flat organization, everyone is equal. It means that every employee receives tasks and is accountable to a particular superior. If you want all decisions to come from the top, a traditional organization might suit you best. A functional organization confers several benefits. In a matrix, each employee reports to two or more managers. In a hierarchical organizational structure, employees are grouped and assigned a supervisor. A matrix organization still has departments, but it also has project teams that recruit members from across departments. This way, managers know what resources to allocate to different departments. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? Building a learning organization. Principles of Management by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Boundaryless organizationis a term coined by Jack Welch during his tenure as CEO of GE; it refers to an organization that eliminates traditional barriers between departments as well as barriers between the organization and the external environment. Some large organizations turn their branches or departments into autonomous units. Organizations face more strength and weakness in these structures. Using the matrix structure as opposed to product departments may increase communication and cooperation among departments because project managers will need to coordinate their actions with those of department managers. Managers at each level of an organization are responsible for using resources effectively. If you exist in a dynamic changing market, a contemporary organizational structure has more flexibility and responds to challenges faster. Employees form teams as they choose, work on projects that interest them and have little supervision. The Digital Age: QR Codes and NFC Chips. By partnering with PepsiCo, Starbucks gained an important head start in the marketing and distribution of this product. Fast Company, 92, 6873. A traditional structure makes it easier to centralize power and keep control as your organization grows. Sportswear manufacturer Nike is another company that uses the matrix organization successfully. The presence of multiple leaders may create role ambiguity or, worse, role conflictbeing given instructions or objectives that cannot all be met because they are mutually exclusive. His website is frasersherman.com. Activity: Management Factors The heads of departments can then determine how to allocate different resources and the specific tasks to designate first. Starbucks has immediate brand-name recognition in this cold coffee drink, but its desire to capture shelf space in supermarkets required marketing savvy and experience that Starbucks did not possess at the time. Defining the organizational structure makes the company objectives clear to every stakeholder. The matrix organizational structure is a good example. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. #MeToo. The Catholic Church is a non-governmental organization, a political enterprise, and a spiritual enterprise. Matrix structures are a cross between functional and product-based divisional structures. Managers can use this data to understand employee behaviors and develop solutions that maximize the potential of their workforce. Osama MEHMOOD); has a shura council, which, like other AQ affiliates, probably includes subordinates and branches/wings for military/security, intelligence, religious, propaganda, political matters, and recruitment; reportedly has regional branches for Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; Ansar al-Islam in Bangladesh has claimed to be the official wing of AQIS in Bangladesh, areas of operation Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and possibly Burma, targets, tactics, and weapons military and security personnel, political parties, foreigners, foreign aid workers, university professors, students, and secular bloggers; has used small arms and improvised explosive devices, as well as crude weapons such as machetes; claimed responsibility for the 2016 machete murders of two editors of a human rights magazine in Dhaka, Bangladesh, membership estimated in 2022 to have up to 400 fighters, financial and other support likely receives financial and material support from AQ senior leadership; also engages in kidnapping-for-ransom, extortion, and general criminal activity to raise funds, designation placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 1 July 2016, aka GSPC; Le Groupe Salafiste Pour la Predication et le Combat; Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat; Salafist Group for Call and Combat; Tanzim al-Qaida fi Bilad alMaghrib al-Islamiya, history formed in 1998 in Algeria under Hassan HATTAB, when he split from the Armed Islamic Group; was known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) until rebranding itself as AQIM in September 2006; has since undergone various schisms and rapprochements; in 2011, a Mauritanian-led group broke away, calling itself the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA); in 2012, the Veiled Men Battalion split off and rebranded itself the al-Mulathamun Battalion; al-Mulathamun and MUJWA merged to form al-Mourabitoun in 2013; in late 2015, AQIM reincorporated al-Murabitoun and in 2017, the Mali Branch of AQIM and al-Murabitoun joined the Mali-based al-Qaida coalition Jamaat Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); continued to be active in 2022 despite heavy pressure from regional and international counterterrorism operations, particularly in using North Africa as a support zone for assisting JNIM operations in Mali and the Sahel, including operating transnational financial networks to move and share funds, goals overthrow apostate African regimes and establish a regional Islamic state across all of North and West Africa; support the broader goals of al-Qaidas central leadership, leadership and organization Abu Obaida al-ANNABI (aka Abu Ubaydah Yusuf al-Anabi, Yazid Mubarak); has a 14-member shura council comprised of regional commanders and the heads of the political, military, judicial, and media committees; locally organized into "battalions" and "brigades," which range in size from a few dozen to several hundred fighters at any given time, areas of operation based in northeastern Algeria, but reportedly shifting more towards the Sahel because of Algerian counterterrorism pressure; operates in northern Mali, southwest Libya, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Cote dIvoire, targets, tactics, and weapons local and international military and security forces using both terrorist and guerrilla warfare tactics; employs improvised explosive devices, suicide bombers, as well as light weapons, machine guns, mortars, rockets, and landmines; also attacks soft civilian targets such as hotels, resorts, and restaurants that cater to Westerners and tourists with small arms, explosives, and suicide bombers; known for assassinations and kidnappings, strength estimated in 2020 to have 500-1,000 fighters, financial and other support engages in kidnappings-for-ransom and other criminal activities, particularly extorting drug trafficking groups and others; arms largely acquired from Libyan stockpiles, battlefield captures, or via illicit regional arms markets, designation GSPC was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on 27 March 2002; the Department of State amended the GSPC designation on 20 February 2008, after the GSPC officially joined with al-Qaida in September 2006 and became AQIM, aka the Harakat Shabaab al-Mujahidin (HSM); al-Shabab; Shabaab; the Youth; Mujahidin al-Shabaab Movement; Mujahideen Youth Movement; Mujahidin Youth Movement; al-Hijra, Al Hijra, Muslim Youth Center, MYC, Pumwani Muslim Youth, Pumwani Islamist Muslim Youth Center, history descended from Al-Ittihad Al-Islami, a Somali terrorist group whose leaders fought in Afghanistan in the 1990s and formed circa 2003; has operated as a core al-Qa'ida affiliate since 2012; was the militant wing of the former Somali Islamic Courts Council that took over parts of Somalia in 2006; since the end of 2006, has engaged in an insurgency against the transitional governments of Somalia and supporting foreign military forces and a campaign of violence against Somali civilians; responsible for numerous high-profile bombings and shootings throughout Somalia, and more than 3,000 civilian deaths since 2015; has influence in large areas of rural Somalia through coercion, control over local economies and commercial transit points; provides rudimentary government services in areas under its control, including rule of law through sharia courts, sharia-based institutions and schools, funding, services, security, and food; in 2019, was involved in more than 1,000 violent incidents in Somalia and eastern Kenya; continued to conduct widespread attacks through 2021 and 2022, particularly in central and southern Somalia and the capital Mogadishu, and was engaged in fighting with the Somali military; in July 2022, it launched an incursion into Ethiopia with several hundred fighters, goals discredit, destabilize, and overthrow the Federal Government of Somalia; establish Islamic rule in Somalia and the border regions of Somalia-Kenya and southern Ethiopia; drive out Western influence, leadership and organization led by Ahmad DIRIYE (aka Abu UBEYDAH/UBAIDAH, Abu Ubaidah DIREYE, Ahmad UMAR) since September 2014; structure is both hierarchical and decentralized and influenced by Somalias many clans; DIRIYE directs a shura council made up of multiple committees and ministries, including for finance, media, and military/security operations, as well as regional commanders; military operations reportedly includes 2 sub-branches, one for external operations, and one that enforces sharia in areas under the group's control; the shura council oversees regional commanders, although regional commanders can make decisions and take actions without the approval of the emir or the council; each regional division has military and administrative wings; the group has an intelligence/security wing known as Amniyat, areas of operation controls a large swathe of the Lower and Middle Juba regions, as well as the Bakol, Bay, Benaadir, Gedo, and Shabelle regions; also maintains a presence in northern Somalia along the Golis Mountains and within Puntlands urban areas; has conducted attacks in Djibouti, Kenya, and Uganda; especially active in the region of Kenya adjacent to Somalia; has also mounted armed incursions into Ethiopia in 2022 and 2007 (planned attacks inside Ethiopia were reportedly disrupted in 2013 and 2014), targets, tactics, and weapons Somali Government officials, military units, police, and civilians, international aid workers, journalists, foreign troops (including US), and neighboring countries contributing to military stabilization operations in Somalia, particularly Kenya and Uganda; has attacked hotels, schools, military bases, police stations, shopping areas, and telecommunications towers in Kenya; has clashed with an Islamic State faction operating in northern Somalia; methods include assassinations, drive-by shootings, guerrilla style ambushes, suicide bombings, hostage taking, indiscriminate attacks on civilians, and roadside IEDs; typical attacks consist of a single or multiple suicide bombers, followed by an assault by members carrying small arms and explosives; in March 2022, for example, it conducted a complex ground assault involving multiple vehicle-mounted bombs and hundreds of militants on an international military peacekeeper base that killed more than 50 troops; in March 2019, operatives attacked a hotel in Mogadishu using a suicide bomber and small arms, killing at least 20; has placed vehicle-mounted bombs in high-density urban areas, including attacks in Mogadishu in October 2022, December 2019, and October 2017 that together killed over 700 civilians; employs insurgent-type tactics against Somali and international military forces, including ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, improvised explosive device operations, land mines, mortar attacks, and targeted killings; typically armed with small arms, light and heavy machine guns (including truck-mounted machine guns), mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, improvised explosive devices, and man-portable air defense systems, strength estimated in 2022 to have 7,000 to 12,000 fighters, financial and other support obtains funds primarily through extortion of businesses, taxation, and zakat (religious donations) collections from the local populations, robbery, and remittances and other money transfers from the Somali diaspora (although these funds are not always intended to support al-Shabaab members); probably receives training, arms, and bomb-making materials from other al-Qaida branches; operates military training camps in areas it occupies; has captured arms, ammunition, and other materiel from regional and Somali military forces; also purchases arms and ammunition through black markets, designation placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 18 March 2008, aka Ansar Dine; Ansar al-Din; Ancar Dine; Ansar ul-Din; Ansar Eddine; Defenders of the Faith, history created in late 2011; was among the terrorist groups (including al-Qaida) to take over northern Mali following the March 2012 coup that toppled the Malian government; proceeded to destroy UNESCO World Heritage sites and enforce a severe interpretation of Islam upon the civilian population living in the areas under their control; beginning in 2013, French and African military forces forced AAD and its allies out of the population centers they had seized, severely weakening AAD, although the group made a comeback in 2015 and 2016; in 2017, joined Jama'ah Nusrah al-Islam wal-Muslimin (Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims, JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida-linked groups in Mali that formed the same year; continued to conduct attacks under the JNIM banner into 2022, goals replace the Malian government with an Islamic state, leadership and organization led by its founder Iyad Ag GHALI (aka Abu al-FADEL), who also leads JNIM; reportedly has regionally based branches, areas of operation operates mostly in central and northern Mali, targets, tactics, and weapons targets Malian military and security forces, French and French coalition troops, and UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) personnel; uses a mix of guerrilla warfare hit-and-run and terrorist tactics, including ambushes, complex ground assaults involving dozens of fighters, road side bombs, rocket attacks, assassinations, kidnappings, and car and suicide bombings; fighters are armed with small arms, light and heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, landmines, mortars, rockets, trucks mounting machine guns (aka technicals), and explosives, including improvised explosive devices, financial and other support cooperates with and has received support from al-Qaida since its inception; also reportedly receives funds from foreign donors and through smuggling; many of its arms were captured from the Malian Army or taken from Libyan military stockpiles; takes advantage of trans-Saharan smuggling routes to resupply from illicit markets in Libya and elsewhere in the region, designation - placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 22 March 2013.
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