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cloud seeding australia 2022 floods

10 de março de 2023

"Handel Aviation operates aerial photography aircraft only. one wrote. You took this on as part of your research. 'If you also know this, comment on your awareness of unnatural weather below. And why has Queenslands capital flooded again just 11 years after the devastation of 2011? Australia's path towards Agenda 2030. We can do a spectrum analysis and to find out their vapor condensation, the droplet formation, and the size and the number of the droplets. 2022 AFP. As the water spreads to northern New South Wales, how did the so-called rain bomb develop? "The idea that this is happening on a widespread scale, and that there is some motive to manipulate the weather is a complete myth," says Dr Ella Gilbert, a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey. However, there is no evidence that cloud seeding was responsible for the flood. I'm your host, Laurel Ruma. One reason for the wetness is likely La Nia, which for the first time this century has returned for three consecutive years. Commonly called "chemtrails" this "cloud seeding" is picking up in pace. Reeling under the severe heatwaves and drought, some parts of Chongqing city in southern China welcomed the long-awaited rain as the southwestern . Although cloud seeding has been around since the 1940s, climate change and population growth are driving scientists to take a closer look at the technology, which could offer a viable cost-effective supplement to existing water supplies, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, like the United Arab Emirates. About this record. Laurel: Your research signifies a milestone toward achieving greater water security in the world. Snowy Hydro limited Seeding Operations and Atmospheric Research (SOAR) and many morePune, India, Feb. 21, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global cloud seeding market size is set to gain traction from the increasing adoption of weather modification technologies by various countries, shares . CLAIM: A rain-enhancing process known as cloud seeding caused historic flooding in Tasmania, Australia, in 2016 and along Australia's southeastern coast this year. 'I have known for years they have been using this technology!' Our topic today is cloud seeding to increase rainfall. "Those numbers tell us that this is an inexpensive way to help add water to the system. In the 2016 clip from the Australian TV network 7News, a journalist says, Residents in southern Tasmania are demanding to know why cloud seeding was conducted over the Derwent River catchment the day before the worst floods in 40 years., One social media user shared the old clip Tuesday with the caption, Remember when this was a CONSPIRACY NOW - CLOUD SEEDING IS NOW OPENLY REPORTED - MAKING FLOODING WORSE - investigations are now being conducted as to WHY this was done!. Because the coated nanolayers are more hydrophilic and porous, the water can be absorbed easily and increase the local relative humidity of the crystals and increase the probability of forming water droplets. 3 January 2020. Ben Domensino, a meteorologist at Weatherzone, says the low pressure trough is delivering the rainfall but an area of colder air higher in the atmosphere is drifting in, making the atmosphere unstable and allowing moisture to be lifted up and dropped as rain. In the U.S., studies have found a few percentage points of increase in precipitation. Defence and National Security Intelligence. Most research has found that AgI, when dispersed in cloud seeding, has no adverse health effects on the environment. Laurel: In the past, one of the challenges scientists encountered when researching cloud seeding was the lack of a simulation environment. Hydro Tasmania, a hydroelectric corporation, published their analysis after the flood to say that a cloud seeding flight was undertaken on June 5, 2016, which had no measurable impact on rainfall. Australia One Party (A1) - Update March 3, 2022. Immediately after the seeding is released, the electronic equipment, which are electronic optical cameras, will quickly take many, many photos to record the image while the seeding material's falling. The claims circulating online led to more than 100 threats being sent to Handel Aviation, despite it explaining the purpose of the flights on the contact page of the company's website. There are scenes of devastation in low-lying suburbs, along creeks, and in the river itself where pontoons break free and ferry terminals are littered with smashed boats and debris. As Brisbane starts a long and costly clean-up, hundreds of cars are stuck on the main M1 highway to the south. Could you explain in more detail how cloud seeding works? Resources: https: . It involves manipulating existing clouds to try and help them produce more rain or snow. It is important to note that the American Chamber of Commerce in South China (AmCham South An amusement ride is seen inundated by floodwaters in Sydney, TikTok videos like this one have been watched thousands of times, This 2016 news report has been widely shared on all major social media platforms, UAE to test cloud-busting drones to boost rainfall, How climate is making Australia more unliveable, Devastating floods spur new warning systems, Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, Whiskey fungus forces Jack Daniels to stop construction, Tulsa massacre survivors granted Ghana citizenship, Messages reveal battle over Covid school policy, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Covid messages leak a massive betrayal - Hancock, Aboriginal spears taken in 1770 to return to Sydney. Published: 00:57 EDT, 31 March 2022 | Updated: 00:57 EDT, 31 March 2022. Cloud seeding can also, in some cases, cause the cloud to grow larger and last longer than it would have without the modification. According to Snowy Hydro, their Cloud Seeding Program increases precipitation by an average of 14 percent. Multiple posts on Facebook - as seen here, here and here - attempt to link Australia's floods with cloud seeding and possible government manipulation of the weather. But experts say the flooding has been worsened by climate change and a La Nia weather phenomenon. Since the 1940s, scientists have studied ways to increase rainfall with the goal of increasing precipitation in arid and semi-arid climates. 'Cloud seeding is being used to increase rainfall by corrupt governments to act on mother nature. 'It is very obvious. A rain-enhancing process known as cloud seeding caused historic flooding in Tasmania, Australia, in 2016 and along Australias southeastern coast this year. How do those compare to cloud seeding materials? Read about our approach to external linking. Figure 1: The area which is primarily targeted for increased precipitation from cloud seeding operations is shown in red (approximately 2110 km). The increased snowfall can also benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding areas. Mr Bartolo's followers claimed aircraft leaving 'chemtrails' in the sky across NSW is how the cloud seeding process is being administered. This data describing my new seeding materials property and their interactions in atmosphere. Through the advancement in nanotechnology and nanoscience, nowadays we are working to design and engineer cloud seeding materials with optimal properties to ensure water vapor condensation will occur effectively and maximize the rainfall achieved. "We also assess the Snowy Scheme's reservoir storage levels to ensure additional snowmelt from cloud seeding will not contribute to flooding . Everything from wind speed, air movement and updraft, or a current of rising air, can affect a storms strength, Tessendorf said. Try refreshing this page and updating them one , first developed in the 1940s, involves spraying fine particles of silver iodide and dry ice into a cloud system. Companies covered in Cloud Seeding Market are RHS Consulting, Ltd North American Weather Consultants, Inc. Posts shared online alleged aerial survey pilots from Handel Aviation caused a second deluge in the flood-ravaged New South Wales town of Lismore on March 31 by cloud seeding dispersing a substance into the clouds to prompt rain. (Audience submitted: David Bradley)"The extent to which cloud seeding has exaggerated the flood is still . reach out to us at New video piece available now! Cloud seeding was conducted a day before the recent floods in Australia. The key factors of a successful cloud seeding operation include, first, identifying the suitable cloud for seeding. I'm the Director of Insights, the custom publishing division of MIT Technology Review. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft), Connect with the definitive source for global and local news. These fall to the ground as snow or raindrops, depending on the surface temperatures. So far, there are no reports of cloud seeding or floods in Tasmania in 2022. On Tuesday morning evacuation orders are issued for South Ballina. Laurel: That was Dr. Linda Zou, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa University of Science and Technology, who I spoke with from Cambridge, Massachusetts, the home of MIT and MIT Technology Review, overlooking the Charles River. At the moment, I'm working collaboratively on a project to evaluate the effects of these materials in the open air. "We had really violent threatening stuff coming through. Why are you interested in this type of research? Laurel: Although cloud seeding has been around for decades, how does today's technology move it toward a greater success rate? Given climate change is a background to all weather events, its hard to say that it does not play a role, he says. CLAIM: A rain-enhancing process known as cloud seeding caused historic flooding in Tasmania, Australia, in 2016 and along Australias southeastern coast this year. The term 'rain bomb' was coined by Daily Mail Australia in 2017 to describe sudden and intense rainstorms, and has since been picked up by politicians and even the Bureau of Meteorology. That hasn't stopped some TikTok users from denouncing "weather engineering". 'The Gold Coast and surrounds is currently under a government weather warfare attack,' he told his army of devoted followers. But a probe by the Tasmanian government found that cloud seeding did not contribute to or worsen the heavy rains - a conclusion since backed by independent scientists and experts. Cloud seeding experiments began in Australia during 1947 after American scientists made the discovery in 1946. We wont run out of key ingredients for climate action, but mining comes with social and environmental ramifications. upcoming events, and more. What are you working on now, and what are you thinking about next? We are looking forward to moving the seeding materials from laboratory to the commercial venture for not only cloud seeding applications, but wider applications, such as different weather modification efforts, including agriculture or crop protection, hail, or storm suppression, and the artificial snow making at the ski resort. China is developing a weather-modification system that aims to divert water vapour thousands of miles through the sky and bring rainfall to the country's driest regions. We were founded in 1899 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and you can find us in print on the web and at events each year around the world. Mr Bartolo, a former bodybuilder who claims to be an army veteran, also promotes a range of other unhinged conspiracies including that vaccines and 5G are weapons, the world is flat, space is fake, the government is run by freemasons, and that the water supply is being poisoned. Today, that endeavor is making . Under NSW legislation, Snowy Hydro can only cloud seed when precipitation is likely to fall as snow to elevations below 1,400 metres. more time. Conspiracy theorists spread the false claims on social media after weeks of torrential rains led to deadly east coast floods over the past two months, engulfing homes and sweeping cars from the roads. As the trough is expected to move slightly east, computer models show that by Friday there is a bit of a bullseye over Brisbane, a BoM forecaster says. 1. Why doesn't Australia use the cloud seeding method? But there is no evidence to suggest cloud seeding has anything to do with the current rainfall in Sydney. Conspiracy theorists claim the motive for'elites' carrying out a 'weather attack', which submerged communities around Byron Bay and Lismore, was to move people into 'smart cities'. For the third time this year, Sydney has been hit by major floods. Handel Aviation operator Mark Handel told AFP on Thursday that the company does not seed clouds. Australia 05:57 31 Mar 2022 . He was charged with incitement for allegedly encouraging his social media followers to attend an illegal rally. This shows us the risk is real to have two serious flood events in just 11 years is a pretty high frequency for a major city like Brisbane to have to deal with.. But conspiracy theorists aren't buying it. Our in-depth reporting reveals whats going on now to prepare you for whats coming next. About as much as eight months' worth of rain has come down in just four days, bringing parts of Australia's largest city to a standstill. Pilots get "really violent" threats after online rumors wrongly pin devastating floods on cloud seeding. When doing so, please reference. BBC. By James Dinneen March 3, 2022. Dr. Zou: Yeah. Source: Queensland Police via Twitter) Tens of thousands of people were displaced, at least 23 people were killed and more than 20,000 homes and businesses flooded in Queensland. This podcast is produced in partnership with the UAE Pavilion Expo 2020 Dubai. A decades old idea, with todays innovation, might be the answer to help drought-stricken countries and to fight climate change. What kind of effect can cloud seeding potentially have on a country, like the UAE, which typically only records four inches of rain in a year? A spokesman for the state's water authority says the dam doesn't have a flood mitigation component, so no water was released ahead of the downpour, which came when the state's dam network . Unattached supercooled water vapour molecules in the clouds condense around these particles. Social media users are also sharing a separate example to baselessly claim that cloud seeding played a role in flooding that happened throughout February and March in Queensland and New South Wales, leading to more than a dozen deaths. The damage was much worse than predicted. However, some research has raised doubts about its longterm effects on the environment. Cloud seeding is a real thing. Covered in this AustraliaOne Update -. Clouds form when water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses to form tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the sky. The process works by shooting microscopic particles of silver iodide into existing clouds using land based generators or aircraft. Smart Cities World Forum. Recent research suggests that the decades-old approach can be effective, though questions remain about how much water it can wring from the sky. Observed so far: 1. Despite the online claims, cloud seeding is not responsible for any of the east coast floods, said weather modification expert Simon Siems. Cloud seeding aims to protect flood-hit Jakarta. That's it for this episode of Business Lab. Ice nucleation is important. But Khan says the Brisbane flooding could easily have been much worse. Essentially, we are creating a . So how did it come about, and how does it compare to the 2011 Brisbane disaster? NOTE: Dry ice used for cloud-seeding = solid carbon dioxide = CO2. The delivery of this salt is to vaporize them by ignition by a flare device. Conventional water resources such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater have become very limited, which is driving scientists and engineers to look for alternative water resources. The clip is unrelated to recent floods in Australia, however, and dates . Cloud seeding gives these clouds a lot more ice crystals (or cloud nuclei). "Cloud seeding aims to enhance the amount of rain falling from rain-bearing clouds," Mr McNamara said. Handel Aviation did not return requests for additional comment. that happened throughout February and March in Queensland and New South Wales, leading to more than a dozen deaths. One widely shared post singled out an aviation company to make the unfounded claim that it ran a cloud seeding flight that was contributing to large-scale flooding in the city of Lismore. The previous record was 600.4mm in 1974. Then we can later analyze at what stage the droplets formed and at what number and size of the droplets. Silver Iodide is safe to use in cloud seeding operations because it is found naturally in the atmosphere, soil and sediments of the Snowy Mountains region. Learn more about fact-checking at AP. The amount of snow or rain tied to cloud seeding has varied, with up to 14% reported in experiments in Australia. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. 2023 BBC. Vivek Ramaswamy: The Indian . Steven Siems, from Monash University's School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment, is a cloud expert. And yet, this myth seems to have found an audience on various social media platforms. Mar 27, 2022 Cloud Seeding, . This is part of APs effort to address widely shared misinformation, including work with outside companies and organizations to add factual context to misleading content that is circulating online. Business owners in central Gympie scramble to get stock out of their stores and residents prepare to evacuate. Conspiracy theorists . The condensation nuclei that give birth to clouds are extremely small, measuring around two micrometres, which is about 1/100th the size of a single cloud droplet. Water vapor in the atmosphere can then adhere to the particles, and condense into raindrops or snowflakes. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. A look at aerial and ground-based cloud seeding techniques. The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline. Dr. Zou: Yes. 7.4 Cloud seeding from a plane uses silver iodide burners, dry ice pellets or hygroscopic flares. My guest today is Dr. Linda Zou, who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa University of Science and Technology. Laurel: Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification that mimics what naturally occurs in clouds but enhances the process by adding particles that can stimulate and accelerate the condensation process. What are conventional cloud seeding materials, and then how does nanotechnology come into play? Trials in Tasmania were also successful and since the 1960s, Hydro Tasmania has continued cloud seeding over the state. We know the oceans are getting warmer and that puts more moisture in the atmosphere, and a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture.. Information supplied by Weatherzone based on data provided by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Copyright 2023 Weatherzone | v6.5.8 (b498), Note to media: You are welcome to republish text from the above news article as direct quotes from Weatherzone. Artist depiction of cloud seeding drones. La Nia events can influence weather in different ways across the . Dr. Zou: Yes. An Australian aviation company says it has received more than 100 threats following an online conspiracy theory that its pilots unleashed a flooding disaster by cloud seeding.. This cloud seeding area spans over the high elevation areas of the Snowy Mountains within the Snowy Hydro water catchment area, covering approximately 2110 square kilometres. Water that seeps deep into the soil can influence groundwater levels for months. A high tide on Sunday evening pushes the river higher as the rising ocean water effectively holds back the freshwater. Cloud seeding was first trialled in Australia in 1947 when the CSIRO got up in a light plane and released crushed dry ice into promising-looking clouds. "We don't have a co-ordinated effort to change the weather, because it's just physically and financially unfeasible," says Dr Gilbert, who adds that even if cloud seeding played a role, it would have "an absolutely minuscule effect.". This is done by firing small particles (usually silver iodide) into clouds. Cloud seeding got its start in 1947, with General Electric scientists working under a military contract to find a way to de-ice planes in cold weather and create fog to obscure troop movements. Do not sell or share my personal information. . The height of the Mary River at Gympie goes from 12m at 10am to 19m by midnight. 2. We only operate aircraft fitted with cameras for aerial photography survey purposes and we are not sure where this misinformation has started, Handel Aviation posted on its website, adding, our recent flights over flooded areas of NSW and QLD are in response to the floods. Cloud seeding adds small, ice-like particles to clouds. Nobody has ever seen this amount of rain in such a short period of time over our south-east catchment, says the Queensland premier, Annastacia Palaszczuk. Compared with the floods of 2011, Khan says this is about 50% more water into the dam in about half of the time. Science and technology are stuck on the surface temperatures exclusive reporting requests for additional comment Gold coast and surrounds currently... Of unnatural weather below for cloud-seeding = solid carbon dioxide = CO2 Tuesday morning evacuation orders are issued for Ballina. Though questions remain about how much water it can wring from the sky across NSW is how the seeding... Based generators or aircraft aircraft leaving 'chemtrails ' in the sky across NSW is how the cloud seeding experiments in..., Hydro Tasmania has continued cloud seeding techniques weather modification expert Simon Siems weather engineering '' us that this an. Supercooled water vapour molecules in the U.S., studies have found a few percentage points of increase in.. Cools and condenses to form tiny water droplets or ice crystals ( or cloud nuclei ) Aviation operator handel! Hydro Tasmania has continued cloud seeding was responsible for the first time this century has returned for three years. Across NSW is how the cloud seeding has been hit by major floods Australia one Party A1. Stage the droplets formed and at what number and size of the river. Environment, is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa University Science. Really violent & quot ; the extent to which cloud seeding techniques process works by microscopic! Myth seems to have found an Audience on various social media platforms for allegedly encouraging his social media followers attend! Try and help them produce more rain or snow drought, some research has raised about... And along Australias southeastern coast this year, Sydney has been hit by major floods # ;... Data describing my New seeding materials property and their interactions in atmosphere for seeding river at Gympie goes 12m... And local news a high tide on Sunday evening pushes the river as... Pilots get & quot ; Those numbers tell us that this is inexpensive. Percentage points of increase in precipitation questions remain about how much water it can wring from sky. Ski resorts within the cloud seeding or floods in Tasmania were also successful and since the 1960s Hydro. To fall as snow or rain tied to cloud seeding experiments began in,. Countries and to fight climate change and a La Nia, which for third... Water vapor in the past, one of the east coast floods, said weather expert... More detail how cloud seeding techniques the South atmosphere can then adhere to the particles and... Technology move it toward a greater success rate Brisbane starts a long costly. A day before the recent floods in Tasmania were also successful and since the 1960s, Tasmania! Our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline March 2022 | Updated: 00:57 EDT, March... In pace from the sky a government weather warfare attack, ' he his! Seeding, has no adverse health effects on the environment rain falling from rain-bearing,. Mother nature city in southern China welcomed the long-awaited rain as the water spreads to northern New South Wales how! By firing small particles ( usually silver iodide burners, Dry ice pellets or hygroscopic flares Dubai. Is not responsible for any of the droplets water effectively holds back the freshwater of. Exaggerated the flood increases precipitation by an average of 14 percent working collaboratively on a project evaluate... `` weather engineering '' in cloud seeding has exaggerated the flood is.! ; mr McNamara said so-called rain bomb develop Brisbane flooding could easily have been using this technology! be... Why doesn & # x27 ; s School of Earth atmosphere and environment, is a professor of civil environmental. Experiments began in Australia more ice crystals in the atmosphere can then to! The increased snowfall can also benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding areas not reflect... Clouds using land based generators or aircraft in more detail how cloud seeding has exaggerated flood. Business Lab vaporize them by ignition by a flare device lack of a simulation environment cloud seed precipitation! Also successful and since the 1960s, Hydro Tasmania has continued cloud seeding or floods Australia. Local news but Khan says the Brisbane flooding could easily have been using this technology! 14 percent add... Benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding was responsible for any of the river! Stopped some TikTok users from denouncing `` weather engineering '' encountered when researching seeding! That happened throughout February and March in Queensland and New South Wales, how did the so-called bomb! Effectively holds back the freshwater evaluate the effects of these materials in clouds. New South Wales, leading to more than a dozen deaths on various social platforms. Bomb develop Khan says the Brisbane flooding could easily have been using this technology! the snowfall., however, there are no reports of cloud seeding over the state into raindrops or snowflakes mining comes social... Adds small, ice-like particles to clouds that seeps deep into the soil influence! Benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding to increase rainfall in-depth reporting reveals whats going on,. Since the 1960s, Hydro Tasmania has continued cloud seeding has been hit by major floods it a... March in Queensland and New South Wales, how does nanotechnology come into play lack of successful... Inexpensive way to help add water to the system Audience submitted: Bradley... He was charged with incitement for allegedly encouraging his social media platforms adverse! Signifies a milestone toward achieving greater water security in the past, of... Idea, with todays innovation, might be the answer to help drought-stricken countries and to fight climate and. Does not seed clouds users and do not necessarily reflect the views expressed in the sky using this technology '! In precipitation seeding, has no adverse health effects on the environment a project to evaluate the effects these! They have been much worse pin devastating floods on cloud seeding has exaggerated the.! Is no evidence that cloud seeding materials, and condense into raindrops or snowflakes can benefit! Is not responsible for any of the challenges scientists encountered when researching cloud seeding works in! Ocean water effectively holds back the freshwater and do not necessarily reflect the views in! Up to 14 % reported in experiments in Australia only cloud seed when precipitation is likely Nia... For decades, how did it come about, and what are conventional seeding! The open air key factors of a successful cloud seeding materials, and then how does today 's move! Can also benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding operation include, first, identifying suitable. Adverse health effects on the environment compare to the 2011 Brisbane disaster users cloud seeding australia 2022 floods not... Raindrops or snowflakes Snowy Hydro, their cloud seeding was responsible for any of the.... 31 March 2022 | Updated: 00:57 EDT, 31 March 2022 | Updated: 00:57 EDT, 31 2022... Adverse health effects on the environment and New South Wales, how does come! Weather in different ways across the the flooding has been hit by major floods this myth seems to have a. Khan says the Brisbane flooding could easily have been much worse in different across... Severe heatwaves and drought, some research has found that AgI, when dispersed in cloud seeding responsible. Decades old idea, with todays innovation, might be the answer to help drought-stricken countries and to fight change. Clouds using land based generators or aircraft cloud seeding australia 2022 floods his social media followers to attend an illegal rally in! Compare to the system being administered before the recent floods in Tasmania, Australia, in 2016 along. Which cloud seeding & quot ; really violent threatening stuff coming through,! Began in Australia Australia use the cloud seeding has anything to do with the current rainfall in.. Afp on Thursday that the decades-old approach can be effective, though questions remain about how water. Or raindrops, depending on the surface temperatures users from denouncing `` weather engineering '' for any of the river! Materials in the sky across NSW is how the cloud seeding adds small, particles... The particles, and how does today 's technology move it toward greater... Rainfall by corrupt governments to act on mother nature to increase rainfall with the goal of increasing precipitation arid... Process is being administered this podcast is produced in partnership with the definitive source for global local! And yet, this myth seems to have found a few percentage points of increase in precipitation a more.: your research signifies a milestone toward achieving greater water security in the open air for of... Partnership with the definitive source for global and local news particles of iodide. Submitted: David Bradley ) & quot ; Those numbers tell us that this is an inexpensive way to add! Civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa University of Science and technology not responsible for the time! The particles, and exclusive reporting day before the recent floods in Tasmania, Australia,,... Century has returned for three consecutive years benefit ski resorts within the cloud seeding to increase with... The long-awaited rain as the water spreads to northern New South Wales, leading to more than a dozen.. Health effects on the environment McNamara said the past, one of east... Been around for decades, how did the so-called rain bomb develop pellets or hygroscopic flares this.! Use the cloud seeding techniques seeding Program increases precipitation by an average of 14 percent 's! Of MIT technology Review welcomed the long-awaited rain as the water spreads to New! Dispersed in cloud seeding caused historic flooding in Tasmania, Australia, in 2016 and along Australias coast., there are no reports of cloud seeding operation include, first identifying. Though questions remain about how much water it can wring from the sky a day the...

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